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Objective:To investigate the effects of modified acidic fibroblast growth factor (MaFGF) mediated by nanoliposomes combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) on left ventricular systolic function in early diabetes mellitus(DM) rats.Methods:The nanoliposomes containing MaFGF(MaFGF-nlip) were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. Among 60 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, 50 rats were randomly selected and were induced to be DM models by streptozotocin(STZ) through intraperitoneal injecting, the other 10 rats as control group. Then DM rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: DM model group, MaFGF solution group, MaFGF-nlip group and MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group. After the successful induction of DM model, the intervention was performed twice a week.After 12 weeks of intervention, all rats underwent conventional echocardiography and velocity vector imaging (VVI). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening(LVFS) were measured by conventional echocardiography. The mean peak systolic radial velocity (Vs), radial strain (Sr) and radial strain rate (SRr) of six walls at the papillary muscle level were measured in left ventricular short-axis view by VVI. At last, myocardial tissue of all rats were stained with Sirius red to evaluate myocardial interstitial fibrosis. The level of myocardial apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining, and the changes of myocardial ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results:The prepared MaFGF-nlip were more rounded, evenly dispersed, and of good stability and high encapsulation efficiency. Twelve weeks later after intervention, LVEF, LVFS, Vs, Sr and SRr in the DM model group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). LVEF, LVFS, Vs, Sr and SRr in the MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group were significantly higher than those of the DM model group and other intervention groups (all P<0.05). The results of Sirius red staining and Tunel staining showed that CVF and AI in the DM model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). For MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group, CVF and AI were significantly decreased compared with the DM model group and other intervention groups(all P<0.05). According to the results of transmission electron microscopy, compared with the DM model group, the improvement of myocardial ultrastructure was the most obvious in the MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group. Conclusions:MaFGF delivered by using nanoliposomes combined with UTMD can improve the left ventricular systolic function in diabetic rats by inhibiting the myocardium cardiac fibrosis and reducing the cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of modified acidic fibroblast growth factor (MaFGF) mediated by nanoliposomes combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) on left ventricular systolic function in early diabetes mellitus(DM) rats.@*Methods@#The nanoliposomes containing MaFGF(MaFGF-nlip) were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. Among 60 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, 50 rats were randomly selected and were induced to be DM models by streptozotocin(STZ) through intraperitoneal injecting, the other 10 rats as control group. Then DM rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: DM model group, MaFGF solution group, MaFGF-nlip group and MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group. After the successful induction of DM model, the intervention was performed twice a week.After 12 weeks of intervention, all rats underwent conventional echocardiography and velocity vector imaging (VVI). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening(LVFS) were measured by conventional echocardiography. The mean peak systolic radial velocity (Vs), radial strain (Sr) and radial strain rate (SRr) of six walls at the papillary muscle level were measured in left ventricular short-axis view by VVI. At last, myocardial tissue of all rats were stained with Sirius red to evaluate myocardial interstitial fibrosis. The level of myocardial apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining, and the changes of myocardial ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy.@*Results@#The prepared MaFGF-nlip were more rounded, evenly dispersed, and of good stability and high encapsulation efficiency. Twelve weeks later after intervention, LVEF, LVFS, Vs, Sr and SRr in the DM model group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). LVEF, LVFS, Vs, Sr and SRr in the MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group were significantly higher than those of the DM model group and other intervention groups (all P<0.05). The results of Sirius red staining and Tunel staining showed that CVF and AI in the DM model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). For MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group, CVF and AI were significantly decreased compared with the DM model group and other intervention groups(all P<0.05). According to the results of transmission electron microscopy, compared with the DM model group, the improvement of myocardial ultrastructure was the most obvious in the MaFGF-nlip+ UTMD group.@*Conclusions@#MaFGF delivered by using nanoliposomes combined with UTMD can improve the left ventricular systolic function in diabetic rats by inhibiting the myocardium cardiac fibrosis and reducing the cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of lower respiratory tract disease.@*Methods@#The health physical examination data of 4000 coal dust exposed workers who had physical examination in the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment in 2016 were collected and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software.@*Results@#Out of the 4000 coal workers, the Prevalence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, CWP were 1.00% (40/4000) , 0.63% (25/4000) , 0.43% (17/4000) . 17 coal workers suffered from coal workers. The prevalence of workers both exposed to silicon and coal dust was 1.15% (2/174) , which was higher than that of other the job type. The prevalence of CWP among age groups, length of service and occupational category were found significant difference (P<0.05) , raising with the increase of duration of dust exposure and age increasing (χ2trend=17.171, 5.344, P<0.05) . The prevalence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis between different working years and different ages are all statistically significant (P<0.05) , increasing with duration of dust exposure (χ2trend=9.906, 10.118, P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#The prevalence rate of CWP is not high, and closely related with duration of dust exposure and dust species. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract disease is higher in the tunneling and mining workers and raising with the duration of dust exposure.
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Objective@#To explore the association between dust exposure and the incidence of hypertension in male coal miners.@*Methods@#Using the method of retrospective cohort study,a hypertension cohort of colliery in Henan Province was established in January 2006. From 2006 to 2017,all the male coal miners in a colliery who were exposed to dust were selected into the exposure group including tunneling, mining,auxiliary and combining workers, and workers from administrative logistics departments who were not exposed to dust were selected into the control group. The eligible participants should satisfy following conditions: working more than one year, with clear and complete record of occupation change, and with complete archives and reliable diagnosis of occupational health surveillance. The exclusion criteria of participants were with hypertension at the baseline of study or with heart,liver,kidney diseases and malignant tumors. A total of 12 647 participants were enrolled in this study (11 663 in the exposure group and 984 in the control group). The follow-up period was from January 2006 to December 2017,with a total follow-up of 89 259.75 person-years. Questionnaires and physical measurements were used to collect general demographic characteristics, occupational exposure history and occupational health surveillance data of all participants. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the association between the dust exposure and the incidence of hypertension.@*Results@#During the follow-up period, 2 549 new-onset hypertension patients were identified with an incidence density of hypertension about 2 855.71 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence density of hypertension was 2 967.58 per 100 000 person-years in the exposure group, and 1 643.85 per 100 000 person-years in the control group. The results of multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that after the adjustment of marriage, age, smoking, alcohol drinking and body mass index,the risk of hypertension was higher in the exposure group compared with the control group (HR=1.692, 95%CI: 1.410-2.032). Further analysis showed that compared with workers from administrative logistics departments,the risk of hypertension in tunneling,mining and auxiliary working was 1.629(1.345-1.973),1.677(1.374-2.046) and 1.782(1.475-2.151),respectively.@*Conclusion@#Dust exposure may increase the risk of hypertension in male coal miners.
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Objective To establish an efficient method of genotyping for Leprdb/ +mouse offsprings by TaqMan probe quantitative fluorescence PCR. Methods Genome DNA was extracted from tails of 228 Leprdb/ +mouse offsprings. PCR primers and TaqMan probes were designed according to the mutation sites of Lepr gene(rs1801133). Real time PCR assay was applied and SNP loci were typed with SDS software. The genotyping of 2-month old Leprdb/dbmice was validated by the phenotype and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed. Results 228 samples were detected by the established TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. 64 mice were of GG genotype, with a genotype frequency of 0.1929. 123 mice were of GT genotype, with a genotype frequency of 0.5395. 41 mice were of TT genotype, with a genotype frequency of 0.2807. Compared with the phenotype typing,the sensitivity of the TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR was 97.56% and the specificity was 99.47%. Conclusions TaqMan probe quantitative fluorescence PCR assay is a simple and efficient method,and can be used to detect the genotype of Leprdb/ +mouse offsprings.
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Objective To study the expression of lipoic acid synthase(LIAS)in the liver and kidney of Leprdb/db mice with deficient leptin receptor. Methods Eight 10-week old male Leprdb/ +mice and Leprdb/dbmice were included in this study. The body weight of rats in the two groups was measured. Fasting blood glucose(FPG)was measured with blood glucose test strips for all mice after fasting for 8 hours. Blood samples were obtained from the abdominal aorta and the animals were sacrificed. The liver and kidney were weighed. The right lobe of liver and the left kidney samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for pathological examination. Serum samples were separated and the sereum contents of CHO, TG,HDL and LDL were detected. The mitochondria of liver and kidney tissues were extracted with a mitochondrial isolation kit, and the protein was extracted. The expression of LIAS protein was detected by western blot. Results Histopathological observation showed that the liver and kidney tissues of Leprdb/ +mice have intact and clear structure. But the liver tissue of Leprdb/dbmice showed fatty degeneration, the kidney tissue showed glomerular hypertrophy, basement membrane thickening, mesangial area widened, including mesangial cells and mesangial matrix increased. The GLU,CHO,TG,LDL and AST of Leprdb/dbmice were significantly increased compared with those of Leprdb/ +mice(P<0.05). Compared with Leprdb/ +mice,the LIAS protein expression was significantly increased in the liver and kidney mitochondria of Leprdb/dbmice(P<0.05). Conclusions There is impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in the Leprdb/dbmice which has defect leptin receptor,and the expression of LIAS protein in liver and kidney of the Leprdb/dbmice is higher than that of Leprdb/ +mice.
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The chemical extraction method was used to prepare the rat uterine decellularized scaffolds, and to investigate the feasibility of preparing the extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel. The rat uterus were collected and extracted by 1%sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 3% TritonX-100 and 4% sodium deoxycholate (SDC) in sequence. Scanning electron microscopy, histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry was used to assess the degree of decellularization of rat uterine scaffold. The prepared decellularized scaffold was digested with pepsin to obtain a uterine ECM hydrogel, and the protein content of ECM was determined by specific ELISA kit. Meanwhile, the mechanical characteristic of ECM hydrogel was measured. The results showed that the chemical extraction method can effectively remove the cells effectively in the rat uterine decellularized scaffold, with the ECM composition preserved completely. ECM hydrogel contains a large amount of ECM protein and shows a good stability, which provides a suitable supporting material for the reconstruction of endometrium .
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Objective@#The therapeutic effect of acid fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1) on rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was evaluated by using nano-liposomes combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction technique (UTMD).@*Methods@#The FGF1-loaded nano-liposomes were prepared by water-in-water emulsion method combined with lyophilization technique.TypeⅠdiabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg/kg) in 60 male SD rats.Sixteen weeks later, diabetic rats were randomly divided into: placebo group (saline treatment), FGF1 group, FGF1-loaded nano-liposomes group, and FGF1-loaded nano-liposomes plus UTMD group (n=15 each). After two weeks of intervention followed by 2 weeks intervention stop, all rats underwent cardiac catheterization, and the left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the maximal increase/decrease rate of left ventricular pressure (LV±dp/dtmax) were measured.Then, the rats were sacrificed and myocardial tissue were obtained for Masson trichrome staining, TUNEL apoptotic staining and CD31 immunohistochemistry staining to quantify myocardial collagen fraction (CVF), cardiac myocyte apoptotic index and myocardial microvascular density (MVD).@*Results@#(1)Scanning electron microscope results revealed good morphology and FGF1 encapsulation efficiency (84.3±2.8)% with high stability and dispensability of FGF1 loaded nano-liposomes.(2)The hemodynamic evaluation showed that LVESP, LV + dp/dtmax and LV -dp/dtmax were all significantly higher, while LVEDP was significantly lower in the FGF1-loaded nano-liposome+ UTMD group than in DCM group, FGF1 solution group, and FGF1 nano-liposome group(all P<0.05). (3)The Masson trichrome staining demonstrated that CVF was significantly higher in all DCM groups than in control group and was significantly lower in the FGF1-loaded nano-liposome+ UTMD group than in DCM group, FGF1 solution group, and FGF1 nano-liposome group (all P<0.05). (4)The CD31 immunohistochemical staining results showed that MVD was significantly lower in all DCM groups than in control group and was significantly higher in the FGF1-loaded nano-liposome+ UTMD group than in DCM group, FGF1 solution group, and FGF1 nano-liposome group (all P<0.05). (5)The TUNEL results showed that apoptotic index was significantly higher in all DCM groups than in control group and was significantly lower in the FGF1-loaded nano-liposome + UTMD group than in DCM group, FGF1 solution group, and FGF1 nano-liposome group (all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#FGF1 nano-liposomes combining with UTMD technique can significantly improve cardiac functions and attenuate myocardial CVF and apoptosis and enhance myocardial MVD in DCM rats.
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AIM:To investigate the effect of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor rolipram on the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of alcoholism model mice.METHODS:The mice (n=60) were randomly divided into control group , con-trol+rolipram group, alcoholism model group, and alcohol +rolipram (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) groups.The mice were given alcohol preference test on days 6, 13, 20 and 27.After the test, the mice received withdrawal of alcohol for 1 d.On day 28, the mice were given behavior test of depression , and after the test, the mice were sacrificed.The cAMP levels in the hippocampus and PFC were detected by ELISA , and the protein levels of PKA , CREB, p-CREB and BDNF were detec-ted by Western blot.RESULTS:The mice showed an obvious drinking phenomenon (P<0.01), and the immobility time of forced swimming test and tail suspension test was significantly increased (P<0.01), with increasing drinking days and withdrawal times .However , chronic treatment with rolipram for 28 d reversed this phenomenon .Moreover , the cAMP lev-els in the hippocampus and PFC were significantly decreased after 28 d alcohol treatment ( P<0.01 ) , and pretreatment with rolipram (1 mg/kg) obviously reversed this decrease (P<0.01).Parallel to these changes of cAMP , the protein lev-els of PKA, p-CREB and BDNF were also decreased in the hippocampus and PFC (P<0.01), and 28 d rolipram adminis-tration inhibited the decreased cAMP , PKA, p-CREB and BDNF levels in the hippocampus .Moreover, 28 d rolipram ad-ministration also reversed decreased cAMP , PKA and p-CREB in the PFC.CONCLUSION:Rolipram treatment protects against alcohol-induced depression-like behaviors , and also reduces alcohol drinking .These effects may be related to PDE4-cAMP-PKA-CREB-BDNF pathway .
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Aim To investigate the effect of ASX (trans-astaxanthin)on the expressions of NF-κB p65 , iNOS and TNF-αin the hippocampus and the prefron-tal cortex of chronic alcohol mice.Methods 40 mice were randomly divided into control group,7 d,14 d, 21 d,28 d alcohol-treated group,the mice were given alcohol preference testing on day of 6,13,20,27. Mice were subjected to alcohol withdrawal for one day after testing.In order to determine the exact time point of cognitive memory impairment in mice after alcohol consumption,they were given morris water maze test after alcohol preference testing. The other 40 mice were randomly divided into control group, alcohol group and ASX group (20,40,80 mg·kg-1 ).After chronic ASX administration, mice were given one probe trial of 60 s in which the platform was removed from the pool to evaluate escape latency,the number of times the animal crossed the previous location of the platform,time spent in the target quadrant,and swim-ming speed.The expressions of NF-κB p65 ,iNOS and TNF-αwere detected by western blotting after behav-ioral testing.Results The mice showed an obvious al-cohol-related phenomenon on 2 1 and 28 days after al-cohol treatment,and escape latency significantly in-creased,entries in target quadrant and duration in tar-get quadrant significantly decreased with increasing drinking days and withdrawal times.The results also suggested that 2 1 days chronic ASX treatment reversed this learning deficit.Moreover,the expression of NF-κB p65 ,iNOS and TNF-αin the hippocampus were significantly increased after 2 1 d alcohol treatment (P<0.001),and pretreatment with ASX (40,80 mg· kg-1 ) could obviously inhibit these changes (P <0.001);Parallel to these changes in the hippocam-pus,the level of NF-κB p65 ,iNOS and TNF-αwere also increased in the prefrontal cortex (P<0.001 ), however,only ASX (80 mg · kg-1 ) administration could inhibit the increase (P<0.05 ).Conclusion These results indicate that ASX pretreatment can pro-tect against alcohol-induced memory impairment via the inhibition of NF- κB p65 ,iNOS and TNF-αexpres-sions in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ferulic acid(FA)on motor function of rats with a spinal cord injury model(SCI)and its possible effects on expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3),Beclin1,Bcl-2 and Bax. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham group,SCI group,FA(100 mg·kg-1,po)group. Rats were subjected to moderate contusion inju?ries using a vascular clip for 2 min to establish an SCI animal model beforfe they were given BBB scores and inclined plate scoring function test on 6 h,1,3,7 and 14 d after SCI. After the test,rats were sacrificed. Spinal cords were observed by hematoxylin eosin(HE)staining. Furthermore,the expressions of LC3,Beclin1,Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the sham group,BBB scores and inclined plate function scores significantly decreased in model group. The BBB scores decreased from 21 in sham group to(0.5±0.5)in SCI group,and inclined plate function scores decreased from 70° in sham group to(5.8±2.0)° in SCI group. However,this was reversed by FA treatment. BBB scores and inclined plate function scores increased from 3.0 ± 1.7 to 6.2 ± 3.6(P<0.05)and from (13.3 ± 4.1)° to(26.7 ± 8.7)°(P<0.05)after FA was po given for 7 d,respectively. HE staining showed the gradual emergence of internal spinal cord edema,while the structural changes associated with spinal cord injury could be significantly reversed by administration of FA. Moreover,the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰand Beclin1 was significantly increased in SCI 1 d group(P<0.01),but was decreased in 14 d group when compared with SCI 1 d group(P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 was increased in SCI 14 d group,and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was increased on 14 d after SCI(P<0.05). Compared with the SCI group,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰand Beclin1 expression was increased in FA-treated 1 d group(P<0.05),Bcl-2 expression was increased in FA-treated 14 d group and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was significantly increased on 14 d after SCI(P<0.05). CONCLUSION FA has a therapeutic effect on SCI,which may be related to the impact of neuronal autophagy and apoptosis. Meanwhile,autophagy of SCI may be a process of gradual enhancement followed by weakening,and the anti-apoptosis effect may gradually increase with autophagy.
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Objective To investigate the protective effects of left ventricular myocardial perfusion after delivery of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) by using ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction ( UTMD ) with real‐time myocardial contrast echocardiography( RT‐MCE) . Methods Among 64 male SD rats ,52 rats were randomly selected and were induced DCM by streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injecting ,the other rats as normal control group . DCM rats were randomly divided into the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group in this study . The aFGF only group rats were injected with aFGF solution through tail vein ,the SonoVue‐aFGF group were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group rats were injected with SonoVue‐aFGF solution through tail vein and using UTMD simultaneously . All rats underwent conventional echocardiography and RT‐MCE exams before and 4 weeks after intervention . Left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening( LVFS ) were measured by conventional echocardiography . The plateau intensity ( A ) ,initial slope of the curve (β) and myocardial blood flow ( A ×β) of left ventricular anterior wall at the papillary muscle level were measured in left ventricular short‐axis view by RT‐MCE . Results Before intervention , LVEF and LVFS in the DCM model group ,aFGF only group ,SonoVue‐aFGF group and the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were significantly lower than in the normal control group ( P 0 .05) ,however A and A × β in the SonoVue‐aFGF+ UTMD group were significantly increased than those in the DCM model group( P < 0 .01) . Compared with the same group before intervention ,A and A ×βin the SonoVue‐aFGF+UTMD group were higher ( P <0 .05) and these in the DCM model group were lower during four weeks after intervention ( P < 0 .05) . Conclusions Acidic fibroblast growth factor delivered by using UTMD can improve the left ventricular myocardial perfusion in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats .
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AIM: To investigate the behavior of depression in chronic alcoholism and withdrawal model of mice, and to explore the co-mechanism of alcoholism and depression.METHODS: A novel model of chronic alcoholism was constructed in this study.The animals were divided into normal control group, and alcohol 7 d, 14 d, 21 d and 28 d groups.The mice were given alcohol preference test on the 6th, 13th, 20th and 27th days.After the test, alcohol were withdrawn for 1 d, then the next day the mice were given behavior test of depression.After the test, the mice were sacri-ficed.The contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) were detected by HPLC.The expression of cAMP response element-binding protein ( CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) was detected by Western blot.RESULTS:The mice showed an obvious drinking phenomenon, and the immobility time of forced swimming test and tail suspension test was significantly increased, with increasing drinking days and withdrawal times.5-HT level in 7 d group mice only increased in frontal cortex (P<0.05).However, compared with control group, 5-HT levels in hippocampus and cortex were decreased on the 21th and 28th days (P<0.01).NE levels in 21 d and 28 d groups were decreased in hippo-campus and frontal cortex (P<0.05), and no significant change was observed in 7 d and 14 d groups.The protein levels of p-CREB and BDNF were significantly decreased in hippocampus and frontal cortex of 12 d and 28 d groups (P<0.05), and no significant change was observed in 7 d group and 14 d group.CONCLUSION:The co-mechanism of alcoholism, withdrawal and depression is related to 5-HT.5-HT-cAMP-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway may be a common mechanism for alcoholism and depression.
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Ultrasonic microbubbles were used to open blood-brain barriers (BBB) with a reversed and limited behavior feature in the study, which could improve the brain-targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs. The glioma rat model was prepared. Low-frequency ultrasound was combined with microbubbles to affect the permeability of BBB compared with the permeability of independently administered Evans blue (EB) crossing BBB. Time point and length of ultrasound were investigated whether they affect the permeability of BBB and the damage of brain tissue. The effect of the growth time of glioma on BBB permeability was explored. Only glioma had a very little impact on BBB permeability. However, ultrasonic microbubbles opened the BBB with the features of temporary, limited and reversed behavior and improved EB and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent penetrating BBB. A length of 30 s ultrasound is appropriate for opening BBB and no damage of brain tissue. Drugs should be injected before ultrasound so that they enter into brain as BBB opening. Ultrasonic microbubbles can open BBB effectively and safely, which improve drugs penetrating BBB under proper time point and length.
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Objective To study the evolutionary and mutant characteristics of Ebora virus envelope glycoprotein.Methods A total of 100 Ebora virus envelope glycoproteins amino acid sequences isolated during 1976 and 2014 were collected from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis were performed to investigate the evolutionary and mutant characteristics of Ebora virus envelope glycoprotein.Results Glycoprotein amino acid sequences of Ebora virus isolated during 1976 and 2014 showed only 54.00％-65.00％ homology among different subtypes,while 95.00％-100.00％ homology in same subtypes.Ebola virus isolated from different regions in 2014 showed a 99.70％-100.00％ homology of glycoprotein amino acid sequences in the same subtype.The homology of glycoprotein amino acid sequences of Ebola-Zaire virus isolated from Sierra Leone in 2014 was 100.00％,but three strains of Ebola-Zaire virus isolated from Guinea showed diversity in glycoprotein amino acid sequences.Glycoprotein amino acid sequences of Ebola virus with different subtypes were on different branches of phylogenetic tree.Glycoprotein amino acid sequences of Ebola-Zaire virus isolated from Sierra Leone in 2014 were on one branch,and those of Ebola-Zaire virus isolated from other countries during 1976 and 2014 were on the another branch.Conclusions Glycoprotein amino acid sequences of Ebora virus vary with time and region.Ebola-Zaire virus isolated from different regions in 2014 may be two variants with the same origin,and hybrid phenomenon is not observed among virus of different subtypes.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare dispersibility between two kinds of plasdone used as the hydrophilic adhesive in nimesulide dispersible tablets.METHODS: Nimesulide dispersible tablets were prepared with Plasdone S630 and Plasdone K30 as the hydrophilic adhesive respectively which were dissolved in 5% alcohol solution or 5% water solution.By friability,hardness and dispersibility tests,the influence of S630 and K30 in quality of nimesulide dispersible tablets were observed.RESULTS: Plasdone S630 alcohol solution or aqueous solution showed same or better results in friability,hardness and dispersibility compared with Plasdone K30 alcohol solution or aqueous solution.CONCLUSION: Plasdone S630 could be used as a alternate of K30 for hydrophilic adhesive in dispersible tablets.
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Objective:To optimize the overall desirability of orthogonal design sith multi index evaluations. Methods:Four multi index evaluations were applied to optimize the overall desirability of an orthogonal design,and their results wer analyzed. Results:According to the optimum conditions,there was no difference among the four multi index evaluations. Conclusion:multi index test can be used to represent the most desirable variables in experimental design.
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Object To study the inhibitory effect and mechanism of extract from cultured cell of Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd. on hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC 7721. Methods Trypan blue stain assay was used to determine tumor cell growth curve, flow cytometry and Giemsa staining were used to analyze cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Results Inhibitory effect happened on tumor cell line SMMC 7721, G 2/M stage of tumor cells increased with the addition of T. chinensis cell extract by carrene and apoptosis happened. Conclusion The extracts from cultured cell of T. chinensis have inhibitory effect on SMMC 7721 cells and can further induce cell apoptosis.